Ten historic optical toys and pre-cinema viewing devices shown with verified Wikimedia Commons photographs: thaumatrope, phenakistiscope, zoetrope, praxinoscope, stereoscope, kaleidoscope, magic lantern, and mutoscope. Photograph credits: 1. File:Optical Toy (Italy), ca. 1780 (CH 18344125).jpg; Unknown artist Unknown artist; Public domain; ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Optical_Toy_%28Italy%29%2C_ca._1780_%28CH_18344125%29.jpg; 2. File:Alcobendas - Museo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (MUNCYT), taumatropo.jpg; Zarateman; CC0; http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alcobendas_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Ciencia_y_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_%28MUNCYT%29%2C_taumatropo.jpg; 3. File:Optical Toy, Phenakistiscope Disc with Geometric Shapes, ca. 1840 (CH 18607983).jpg; Unknown artist Unknown artist; Public domain; ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Optical_Toy%2C_Phenakistiscope_Disc_with_Geometric_Shapes%2C_ca._1840_%28CH_18607983%29.jpg; 4. File:Leeds Industrial Museum zoetrope 7125.JPG; Photograph by Clem Rutter, Rochester, Kent. ( www.clemrutter.net ).; CC BY-SA 3.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leeds_Industrial_Museum_zoetrope_7125.JPG; 5. File:Praxinoscope.jpg; Gerarus; CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Praxinoscope.jpg; 6. File:Pocket stereoscope.jpg; Joaquim Alves Gaspar; CC BY 2.5; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pocket_stereoscope.jpg; 7. File:Kaleidoscope (68239).jpg; Uijtdewilligen; CC BY-SA 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kaleidoscope_%2868239%29.jpg; 8. File:Magic Lantern.jpg; Andrei Niemimäki; CC BY-SA 2.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magic_Lantern.jpg; 9. File:Mutoscope.jpg; Outi Penninkangas; CC BY-SA 3.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mutoscope.jpg; 10. File:Praxinoscope à projection, photo complète de l'appareil.jpg; Reynaud38; CC BY-SA 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Praxinoscope_%C3%A0_projection%2C_photo_compl%C3%A8te_de_l%27appareil.jpg;